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A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF MEGALITHIC TOMBS

LIST OF FIGURES
By

Maximilian O. Baldia

1993-April 25, 2006©
All rights reserved

LIST OF FIGURES

 
Figure  Page
 
 1.1 Location of the research area 2
 
 1.2 Calibrated C14 dates of regional TRB Groups  3
 
 1.3 Regional and chronological TRB groups 4
 
 2.1 Two passage-graves connected by a menhir alignment, Hekese, Kr.  Bersenbrück 16
 
 2.2 The Lübbensteine B, Helmstedt 815  17
 
 2.3 Chamber partitions and human interments, Onskulle, (Odensgrav, Skärv 81) 21
 
 2.4 The Count von Münster's TRB Tiefstich pottery from his 1807 to 1830 collection 23
 
 2.5 Long-mound with probable passage-grave, Riestedt, Kr. Uelzen by von Estorf (1846) 24
 
 2.6 Pen and wash plan drawing by Lukis of D12 (1878) 27
 
 2.7 Altmark tombs drawn from photographs as published by Krause and Schoetensack 
  in 1893   30
 
 2.8 Altmark tomb plans published by Krause and Schoetensack in 1893 32
 
 2.9 Dolmen distribution by Sprockhoff (1938) 34
 
2.10 Site locations of Alttiefstichtonware and southern boundary of 
 thin-butted flint axes by Dehnke (1940) 37
 
2.11 Haaßel1 by Dehnke (1940) 38
 
2.12 Ceramics from Haaßel1 by Dehnke (1940) 39
 
2.13 Artifacts of Dehnke's 1940 Tiefstichkeramik GroupII 40
 
2.14 Two long-mounds with passage-graves GroßeSteine, Kleinenkneten (Dehnke 1940) 41
 
2.15 The passage-grave or polygonal dolmen of Grønhøj, Horsens by Thorvildsen 1946 45
 
2.16 Early Neolithic TRB ceramics and axes 46
 
2.17 Early and Middle Neolithic TRB related ceramics 47
 
2.18 KAK pottery 49
 
2.19 Location of rectilinear and polygonal dolmen by Aner (1963) 50
 
2.20 Neolithic "settlement areas" in Mecklenburg as defined by Schuldt (1972) 52
 
2.21 Calibrated C14 chronology of the TRB by region (Midgley 1992) 56
 
2.22 Neolithic C14 chronology of northwestern Europe (Louwe Kooijmans 1976) 59
 
2.23 Relative chronology based on C14 dates of the West and North Group (Bakker 1979) 60
 
2.24 C14 dates from Fuchsberg and TRB West Group by pottery horizons (Brindley 1986) 60
 
2.25 Relative chronology based on C14 dates of the West and North Group (Hogestijn 1990) 61
 
2.26 Correlation of the TRB's Central German and Scandinavian chronology by Preuß (1980)63
 
2.27 Cultural phases and megalithic architecture in Central and eastern Germany 63
 
2.28 Correlation of relative chronological of Neolithic cultures from the Czech 
  perspective  64
 
2.29 Comparison of TRB Eastern Group chronologies by Jankowska and Wis'lan'ski in 1991  65
 
2.30 TRB chronology of southeastern Poland by Kruk and Milisauskas (1981)  66
 
2.31 C14 dates and cultural phases of the Cimbrian Peninsula by Schwabedissen in 1979  67
 
2.32 Chronological evolution of West Group passage-graves from Netherland (Bakker 1981)  68
 
2.33 Development of the West Group ceramic typology  69
 
2.34 Correlation of chronological phases for the West, Altmark and North Group  70
 
 3.1 Early TRB sites in relation to Late Mesolithic, Early Neolithic Danubian LBK, 
 and Post-Danubian LBK cultures  75
 
 3.2 LBK location  76
 
 3.3 Stichbandkeramik location  79
 
 3.4 Location of the Rössen culture  81
 
 3.5 Michelsberg culture location  84
 
 3.6 Evolution of the Early TRB   86
 
 4.1 The 50ha TRB hilltop village of Bronocice, Poland and surrounding settlements 93
 
 4.2 The EN copper hoard of Bygholm, near Horsens, EastJutland  96
 
 4.3 Distribution of copper flat axes by weight class   98
 
 5.1 Idealized megalithic tomb distribution  107 
 
 5.2 Maximum distances to coast from the center of Europe  108
 
 5.3 Evolution of French tombs and ceramics  110
 
 5.4 Megalithic-like reconstructed chamber at the Langer Stein menhir 
 by Einselthum, Kr. Kirchheimbolanden  114
 
 6.1 Reconstructed wooden chambers, Granstedt, Lower Saxony  129
 
 6.2 Histogram of 116 TRB tombs and graves containing EN ceramics  130
 
 6.3 Distribution of earthen long-barrows with earth-graves and timber structures  131
 
 6.4 Wood and fieldstone burial chamber, Konens Høj  133
 
 6.5 Long-mound of Lindebjerg, Langeland  134
 
  7.1 Typology and chronology of Lower Saxony  137
 
 7.2 German gallerygrave typology  138
 
 8.1 Frequency histogram of closed and open dolmen in long-mounds with EN flasks  143
 
 8.2 Primeval-dolmen at Hjortgårde (A. P. Madsen 1868No. 9)  145
 
 8.3 Double dolmen in long-mound, BogøBy/Bogö, Mønboh., Præstö a. 
 (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 64)  146
 
 8.4 Multiple urdolmen with linear axial orientation at Phanefjord 
 (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 62)  149
 
 8.5 Rectangular urdolmen in trapezoidal megalithic enclosure, 
 Årstad 93/88, Sweden  151
 
 8.6 Northern-most trapezoidal/rectangular urdolmen in possible long-mound at 
 Skee 5, Sweden  151
 
 8.7 Comparison of slab-like capstone of Swedish square-dolmen and 
 Danish dolmen with erratic capstone  152
 
 8.8 Urdolmen with top-entrance in tumulus (A40/B38) at 
 Barendorf, Forst Everstrof   154
 
 8.9 Evolution from parallel top-entrancedolmen to multiside-stone 
 extended-dolmen with short passage in Mecklenburg  155
 
8.10 Architectural details of Tomb A44/B41 Barendorf, Forst Everstorf  157
 
8.11 Transitional urdolmen with half-height end-stone, Vester Åby 
 (A. P. Madsen 1896 No.  10)  158
 
8.12 Parallel and perpendicular dolmen at HorserødHegen 
 (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 17)  159
 
8.13 Multiple parallel and perpendicular dolmen at Tokkekjøb Hegn 
 (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 13)  161
 
8.14 Square-dolmen with passage in circular enclosure, Röra 46/39b, Sweden  162
 
8.15 Model of dolmen evolution and associated funeral pottery  162
 
8.16 Perpendicular extended-dolmen with axial capstone of Veinge 96/64, Sweden  164
 
8.17 Below ground extended-dolmen of Ratekau LA200, Kr. Ostholstein  165
 
8.18 Similarity of prototypical extended-dolmen with perpendicular capstone 
  and polygonal dolmen (A. P. Madsen 1900 No. 4, 6)  165
 
8.19 Polygonal-dolmen at Hjortgårde (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 4)  168
 
8.20 Polygonal-dolmen in long-mound, Hyllinge (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 25)  168
 
8.21 Five sided polygonaldolmen in circular enclosure, Brutkamp, Albersdorf 150  169
 
8.22 Multipleside and capstone dolmen at Hjadstrup (A. P. Madsen 1896 No. 2 and 5)  170
 
8.23 Grand-dolmen with elaborate entrance structure at Lancken-Granitz, Rügen  171
 
8.24 Grand-dolmen with antechamber and passage, Kruckow A774/B85  172
 
8.25 Rectangular mound containing a six-sided polygonal-dolmen 
 and an apparentgrand-dolmen, Rothensande 63  173 
 
8.26 Transitional polygonal-dolmen or passage-grave at Flintinge (Madsen 1868 No. 72) 174
 
8.27 Two polygonal-dolmen in one long-mound at Kirkelte Hegn (Madsen 1868:6 No. 14)  175
 
9.1 Perpendicular dolmen (A42/B39) from Barendorf with front-entrance  178
 
9.2 Architectural details of Tomb A35/B35 Barendorf, Forst Everstorf  179
 
9.3 Reconstruction of Kong Svends Høj, Lolland with top entrance to the blocked passage 181
 
9.4 Bokenäs42/43 passage-grave with bolder hiding the passage   182
 
9.5 Urdolmen with walkway or entrance shaft and steps Ovsted Sb.16, Voer h., Jutland 183
 
9.6 Urdolmen A18/B48 with angled passage and built up side-stone, Neu-Gaarz  184
 
9.7 Extended/urdolmen with corner-passage in cairn, Mechelsdorf A12/B51  185
 
9.8 The grand-dolmen/passage-grave with corner-passage of Twietfort, Kr. Lübz  186
 
9.9 The grand-dolmen/passage-grave with added corner-passage of SulkendrupMølle, Fyn 187
 
9.10 Dolmen, proto- and primeval passage-graves in long-mound, Humble 
 (A. P. Madsen 1896 No. 20)  188
 
9.11 Evolution from extended-dolmen with corner-entrance to 
 Holstein-type passage-grave, Ostenfeld 157, Schleswig-Holstein 188
 
9.12 Four-yoke grand-dolmen Kruckow A774/B85, Kr. Demmin, Mecklenburg  189
 
9.13 Nipmerow, the sole passage-grave on Rügen  190
 
9.14 Two capstone transitional polygonal-dolmen/passage-grave and three-capstone 
 passage-grave in one tumulus at Troldegårdene (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 2)  193
 
9.15 Extended-dolmen with one perpendicular capstone and long passage, 
 Nysted, Lolland (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 81) 194
 
9.16 Proportion of Rosenberg's 1929 passage-graves with entrancestone-frames  195
 
9.17 Rosenberg's passage-graves vs. the number of entrancestone-frames  196
 
9.18 Number of entrancestone-frames by region  196
 
9.19 Regional differences in the number of entrancestone-frames  197
 
9.20 Trajectories of passage-graves and entrancestone-frames for each region  198
 
 10.1 Danish primeval passage-graves 200
 
 10.2 Swedish one-capstone passage graves  201
 
 10.3 Passage-grave Güby73, Kr. Rendsburg-Eckernförde 202
 
 10.4 Two-capstone passage-grave, Jardhøj, Katbjerg, Randers a. (A.P. Madsen 1896 No. 28)204
 
 10.5 Two capstone passage-grave, Valby Hegn, Sjælland (A.P. Madsen 1868 No. 16)  205
 
 10.6 Two-capstone passage-grave OverJersdal, Vested Sb.12 with MNIb pottery  205
 
 10.7 Profile of passage-grave in tumulus with stacked side-stones and passage, Mejls 206
 
 10.8 Two-yoke primeval passage-grave Visbek176 with corner-entrance  207
 
 10.9 Density histogram of chamber area for two-capstone passage-graves  210
 
10.10 The relationship of length width in twocapstone passage-graves  210
 
10.11 Three-capstone passage-grave Denghoog, Wenningstedt4, Sylt  212
 
10.12 Passage-grave with 3+4 side-stones, Hagebrogård  213
 
10.13 Three-capstone passage-grave with 4+4 side-stones, Liepen A112/B19, Mecklenburg  217
 
10.14 The internal construction of Liepen A112/B19, Mecklenburg  219
 
10.15 Five-yokepassage-grave Naschendorf A46/B44, Everstorfer Forst, Mecklenburg  221
 
10.16 Borucin, (Radziejów), Szczytno, (Wl/ocl/awek), and Zdrojówka, (Kolo)  222
 
10.17 Six-capstone passage-grave Frejlev Skov 2  224
 
10.18 Largest Scandinavian passage-grave Karleby58, Sweden  226
 
 11.1 Primeval passage-grave with side-chamber, Gundestrup (A. P. Madsen 1896 No. 20) 229
 
 11.2 Primeval passage-grave with side/end-chamber, Fjelsø, Rindsh. Viborga  229
 
 11.3 Passage-grave with end-chamber, Ormehøj, Katbjerg (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 27)  230
 
 11.4 Passage-grave with end-chamber at Kornerup (A. P. Madsen 1868:9 No. 20)  231
 
 11.5 Passage-grave with end-chamber in tumulus at Knutenlund (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 75) 232
 
 11.6  Passage-grave with end-chamber threshold at Ullerup (A. P. Madsen 1896 No. 23)  233
 
 11.7 Symmetrical passage-grave with end-chamber at Suldrup (A.P. Madsen 1896 No. 24)  234
 
 11.8 Passage-grave with two end-chambers, Hvissehøj  235
 
 11.9  Two nearly joined passage-graves at Kjærby (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 30)  235
 
11.10 Three nearly joined passage-graves, Bregentved, Osted (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 24) 236
 
11.11 Tannenhausen817, Aurich 237
 
11.12 Missing link in the evolution to double passage-graves, Rørby Sb.12, Gl. Holbæk a. 238
 
11.13 Doublepassage-graves, Ormshøj, Årby (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 31) 238
 
11.14 Doublepassage-graves, separate passage-grave and unidentified chamber in 
 long (?) mound, Vierslev/Værslev Sb.10 (A. P. Madsen 1868:17 No. 28) 239
 
11.15 Doublepassage-grave, Troldhøj, Stenstrup  240
 
11.16 Triplepassage-graves, Udby/Ubby (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 29)  241
 
11.17 Dual-passagechamber, Bistrup (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 41)  242
 
11.18 Dual-passagechamber with separate end-chambers, Gundestrup (Madsen 1896 No.  21) 243
 
11.19 Single-chamberdual-passage-grave, Røddinge (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 59)  245
 
11.20 Single-chamberdual-passage-grave, SneslevSb.1, Gl.Sorø a. (Madsen 1868 No. 39)  246
 
12.1 The protogallery-grave Stein, Limburg, Netherland  248
 
12.2 Walternienburg chamber, Nordhausen  249
 
12.3 Historic plans of Muschenheim  250
 
12.4 Modern plan of Muschenheim  251
 
12.5 Location of the southern-most Hessian megalithic structure  252
 
12.6 Cups from the Muschenheim tomb  253
 
12.7 Porthole cist and pottery, Schankweiler, Kr. Bitburg  254
 
12.8 Box graph of 19 C14 dates from German gallery- and masonry-graves  255
 
12.9 Traditional classification of gallery-graves and site distribution 257
 
12.10 Rock-cut gallery-grave of Sorsum/Halsberg 258
 
12.11 TRB pottery and other artifacts from the rock-cut gallery-grave of Sorsum/Halsberg 258
 
12.12 Sorsum's rock cut sidewall with beam socket 259
 
12.13 Model of gallery-graves evolution in Hesse 261
 
12.14 Primevalgallery-grave with Salzmünde stonecists in a tumulus, Schortewitz, Kr. Köthen 262
 
12.15 Artifacts from the gallery-grave of Heyersum 263
 
12.16 Pottery from the gallery-grave of Rohden 265
 
12.17 Comparison of Troldebjerg cup from Tinnum with cup from the gallery-grave of Lohra 266
 
12.18 Pottery from Lohra and Altendorf 267
 
12.19 Artifacts from Lohra 268
 
12.20 The extended gallery grave of Calden 270
 
12.21 Excavation plan and reconstruction of the grandgallery-grave from Bredelem 273
 
12.22 Pot with rim perforations and small handles, Altendorf 274
 
12.23 Züschen/Lohne gallery-grave plan 275
 
12.24 The 1898 drawing of the Züschen end-stone by Boehlau and v.Gilsa 276
 
12.25 The 1898 drawing of Züschen side-stone A1 276
 
12.26 The 1898 drawing of Züschen side-stone B1 277
 
12.27 The 1898 drawing of Züschen side-stone B2 278
 
 
12.28 The 1898 drawing of Züschen side-stone B3 279
 
12.29 The 1898 drawing of Züschen side-stone A5 279
 
13.1 The complex, watertight seal of the Jordehøj, Møn passage-grave 281
 
13.2 Complex four-layer stratigraphy, KongSvendsHøj, Lolland 282
 
13.3 Tomb evolution at BygholmNørremark 283
 
13.4 Urdolmen with ENC pottery by mound shape 286
 
13.5 "Unchambered" long-mound with Early Neolithic C pottery, Stralendorf 294
 
13.6 Polish long-barrows with chamber-like non-megalithic structures and 
 burials located in the proximal end, Sarnowo 8 and Gaj 295
 
13.7 One of the eastern-most "chamberless" trapezoidal long-mounds at 
 Mil/ocin-Kolonia, Lublin, Poland 296
 
13.8 Mound and enclosure with guardians 297
 
13.9 Rhomboidal enclosure with parallel urdolmen/extended-dolmen, Gunderup, Ribe a. 299
 
13.10 The length to width relationship of transitional Dutch enclosures 300
 
13.11 The length to width relationship of round, oval and transitional Dutch-type enclosures 301
 
13.12 Ovalkidney-shaped passage-grave enclosure, D15 302
 
13.13 Egg-shaped passage-grave enclosure, Sögel 831 302
 
13.14 Egg-shaped passage-grave enclosure, D49 303
 
13.15 Transitional passage-grave enclosure of Großenkneten 934 304
 
13.16 Side-joints in the complex mound of Katterø, Diernisse s. (A. P. Madsen 1896 No. 13) 305
 
13.17 Long-mound(s) with multiple joined enclosures 
 or mound divisions, Prierskovgård (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 79) 306
 
13.18 Long-mound with two axial dolmen and 
 rectilinear secondaryenclosure, Leerbjerg (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 27) 307
 
13.19 Trapezoidal long-mound with two(?) perpendicular dolmen and 
 circular secondary enclosure, Gundsømagle (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 25) 308
 
13.20 Trapezoidal long-mound with possible axial dolmen in 
 circular secondaryenclosure, Frejlev (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 80) 309
 
13.21 Rectangularlong-mound with parallel dolmen and 
 two rectilinear secondaryenclosures, Bavelse (A. P. Madsen 1868 No. 55) 309
 
13.22 Double enclosures of S'wierczynek 1 and 2, Niezawa, Poland 310
 
13.23 Double enclosures of Thuine 874, Kr. Lingen, Osnabrück 311
 
 14.1 Odd shaped mounds and enclosures 312
 
 14.2 Length and width relationship of 591 enclosures 314
 
 14.3 Box and whiskers graph of the length of 666 enclosures by chamber type 315
 
14.4 Box and whiskers graph of enclosure width by chamber type 316
 
14.5 Box and whiskers graph of enclosure area by chamber type 316 
 
14.6 Length width relationship of rectangular enclosures with urdolmen 317
 
14.7 Box and whiskers graph of the length of rectangular enclosures by chamber type 319
 
14.8 Box and whiskers graph of the width of rectangular enclosures by chamber type 319
 
14.9 Box and whiskers graph of the length of trapezoidal enclosures by chamber type 320
 
14.10 Box and whiskers graph of the width of trapezoidal enclosures by chamber type 320
 
14.11 Length and width relationship of urdolmen 321
 
14.12 Box and whiskers graph of all chamber lengths by chamber type 322
 
14.13 Box and whiskers graph of chamber width by chamber type 324
 
14.14 Box and whiskers graph of chamber area by chamber type 324
 
14.15 Box and whiskers graph of chamber volume by chamber type 325
 
14.16 Length and width of all chamber types 326
 
15.1 Entrance orientation density distribution for 786 chambers in degrees 336
 
15.2 Chamber orientation 336
 
15.3 Enclosure orientation 338
 
15.4 Neolithic coast lines of Denmark and northern Schleswig-Holstein at ca. 4000 B.C. 341
 
15.5 Sea route between southern Sweden, Bornholm and Poland as indicated by EN pottery 342
 
16.1 Traditional Thiessen analysts of 4089 tombs 350
 
16.2 Location of all tombs for which coordinates could be established 353
 
16.3 Spatial analysis of tomb density based on 4712 sites 354
 
16.4 Rectangularmound location and tomb density 355
 
16.5 Spatial analysis of rectangularmound area 357
 
16.6 Trapezoidalmound location and tomb density 358
 
16.7 Spatial analysis of trapezoidalmound area 359
 
16.8 Round and oval mound location and tomb density 360
 
16.9 Dutch-typemound location and tomb density 362
 
16.10 Spatial analysis of urdolmen location by chamber area 364
 
16.11 Spatial analysis of polygonal-dolmen location by chamber area 366
 
16.12 Spatial analysis of extended-dolmen location by chamber area 367
 
16.13 Spatial analysis of grand-dolmen location by chamber area 368
 
 
16.14 Spatial analysis of passage-graves location by chamber area 370
 
16.15 Spatial analysis of gallery-grave location by chamber area 371
 
17.1 Chacoan long-distance road network 374
 
17.2 The oldest European wagon depiction from Bronocice, Poland 375
 
17.3 Pottery with possible four wheeled wagon symbols 377
 
17.4 Comparison of C'mielów pottery design with a draft pole for a single axle 
 vehicle from an Uzbek petroglyph and zoomorphic design from Tarkowa 380
 
17.5 BourtangerMoor with prehistoric trackways 385
 
17.6 Tracks from the Neolithic (3500B.C.) to the IronAge in the GroßeMoor 
 on the DümmerLake 386
 
17.7 Barrowroads of Jutland mapped by S.Müller 1904 387
 
17.8 Matheassen's 1948 barrow-road plan 388
 
17.9 Tomb distribution on the Hümmling with superimposed hypothetical road network 390
 
17.10 The EpeBarrowRoad and intersections 391
 
17.11 Prehistoric road network in Netherland 392
 
17.12 Megalithic tombs and probable roads on both sides of the OldenburgGraben 393
 
17.13  Antique rendering of the Putlos tomb alignment of long-mounds 257-263 394
 
17.14 The 1825 AntiquarianMap of Bornhöved with superimposed model of roads 395
 
17.15 Model of roads at Bornhöved 396
 
17.16 Model of roads at Schmalensee 398
 
17.17 Model of roads at Tarbek 398
 
17.18 ENC village Sachsenwaldau and Sachsenwald tomb alignments 399
 
17.19 ENC village of Sachsenwaldau, Kr. Lauenburg with model of adjacent roadnetwork 400
 
17.20 Prehistoric tomb alignments, Flintbek, Kr.  Rendsburg-Eckernförde 401
 
17.21 Multiphase ENC Long-mound LA3 with wagon tracks, Flintbek 402
 
17.22 Segment of an EarlyNeolithic megalithic tomb alignment in the northern part of 
 the EvestorferForst near Barendorf, Kr. Grevesmühlen 403
 
17.23 Urdolmen location near probable ford on the SchwingeRiver by Pustow, 
 Kr. Demmin with hypothetical EarlyNeolithic road 404
 
17.24 Sequential construction of extended-dolmen along the hypothetical 
 EarlyNeolithic road on the SchwingeRiver by Pustow, Kr. Demmin 405
 
17.25 Two fords and the hypothetical Neolithic road network with sequentially 
 constructed grand-dolmen near the SchwingeRiver, Kr. Demmin  405
 
17.26 Excerpt of von Hagenow's 1829 map of 236 megalithic tombs on the island of Rügen 406
 
17.27 Detail of von Hagenow's 1829 Rügen map showing megalithic tombs 
 between Altenzien and Nisteliz, Rügen 407
 
17.28 Tomb alignments and historic roads west of Lake Sellin, Rügen 407
 
17.29 Tomb alignments and historic roads near Binz and Granitz, Rügen 408
 
17.30 Part of the 20-30m wide Neolithic road flanked by four dolmen in long-mounds, 
 Grundoldendorf/Bliedersdorf, Kr.  Stade, LowerSaxony 409
 
17.31 Section of the Haaßel-Niendorf tomb alignment of 36 megalithic tombs 411
 
17.32 Communicationnetwork model based on the distribution of 
 megalithic tombs in Kr. Uelzen 413
 
17.33 Megalithic tomb distribution on the Elbe 415
 
17.34 The probable road and possible tomb construction sequence of the SiebenSteinhäuser 416
 
17.35 Westernmost distribution of grand-dolmen and two-yokePrimeval passage-graves 418
 
17.36 The distribution of all megalithic tombs in Netherland 419
 
17.37 Model of Neolithic roads in Netherland 420
 
17.38 Model of communication lines for so called earthenlong-barrows of Germany 421
 
17.39 Model of communication lines among the so-called earthenlong-barrows of Pyrzyce 422
 
17.40 Model of communication lines based on long-barrows and other factors 423
 
17.41 Tentative model of road location at Sarnowo 424
 
17.42 Non-megalithic long-mounds at Brvezno, Loundy, Bohemia 425
 
17.43 Model of gallery-grave communication network 429
 
18.1 The Indo-European family tree as envisioned by Schleicher 432
 
18.2 The wave model of Indo-European language change of J.Schmidt 432
 
18.3 The isogloss "wavemodel" of R. Antilla 433
 
18.4 Petroglyphs of draft animals from Uzbek 
 supposedly dated to the second and third millennium B.C. 436
 
18.5 Various proposals for the location of the Indo-European homeland since 1960 437
 
18.6 Extent of the KAK 439
 
18.7 Extent of CordedWare culture and Danubian complex with 
 superimposed Indo-European languages and Anatolian 439
 
18.8 The oldest accepted locations of German, Baltic, and Celtic