Added January 2, 2000. Updated May 11, 2002, 20:28 hours.

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The Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB)

By

Maximilian O. Baldia

(Copy Right © 2000 - May 11, 2002. All rights reserved)

Introduction

The purpose of this text is to provide a general overview of the culture and is intended as a resource for students and teachers of European Archaeology.

Background

Often considered the first Farmers of the North European Plane, the people of the Funnel Beaker culture, abbreviated TRB, ranged from southern Norway to the Czech/Austrian border and from Netherland to Ukraine. The TRB is named after the relatively characteristic ceramic beaker with a funnel shaped rim (German: Trichterrandbecher or simply Trichterbecher). Found in various parts of ten different countries, the culture's name varies accordingly. For example Czech: Kultura nálevkoviitých poháru^o (KNP), Polish: Kultura pucharów lejkowatych (KPL), Danish: Tragtbægerkultur (TBK), Dutch: Trechterbeker cultuur, German: Trichterbecherkultur (TBK).

The TRB is whiteness to several innovations. Concrete evidence for the first wheeled carts occurs in Germany and Poland. Furthermore, agriculture, the plow (ard), copper and monumental architecture appear in northern Europe for the first time.

Location

The TRB is centered on the upper Oder/Odra River. It covers parts of southern Norway, southern Sweden, all of Denmark, Eastern Holland, the northern part of Northwestern, all of North and Central, as well as most of East Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, northeastern Austria, northern Slovakia and western Ukraine (Fig. 1). The TRB has traditionally been subdivided into smaller regional groups and geographically limited chronological phases. In addition, there are several “cultures” that exhibit similarities, but are usually not viewed as part of the TRB.

Dating

The TRB lasted from about 4100/4000 – 2900/2800 cal BC. The origins of the TRB are debated (Baldia 1995, Chapter 3). The chronology and pottery styles vary by region and are, therefore, presented separately below.

The Earliest Dates:

The earliest radiocarbon dates are reported from the East Group. However, the extremely early date beneath one of the long-mounds at Sarnowo, Poland, is questioned even by some Polish archaeologists and remains debatable. Therefore, it is most likely that the TRB begins to be recognizable in the archaeological record between 4200-4000 cal BC in regions, such as the southern part of the North Group and adjacent East Group, where the culture ultimately becomes well established.

North Group:

The North Group includes part of the German states of Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony) and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, plus the northernmost of state of Schleswig-Holstein in addition to the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, parts of Sweden and Norway.

In Schleswig-Holstein the pottery of the TRB may start earlier than in Scandinavia. The earliest phases, named by Schwabedissen, are Rosenhof and Siggeneben. Later phases include the Fuchsberg/Hassel-Wolkenwehe style. It is found from the southern parts of Denmark to at least the Lüneburg Heath in Niedersachsen. Additional phases have are recognized, although the Scandinavian chronological system is often applied in Schleswig-Holstein.

In Denmark and Sweden the early Oxie, Volling, Svaleklint etc. have been isolated as partly overlapping regional pottery stiles and phases. These are followed by Virum, Troldebjerg, Klintebakke, Blandebjerg, Bundø (Bundso) and Store Valby.

Relative dating for the North Group was established in the late 1940’s and early 50’s. This older Scandinavian scheme of TRB A, B and C has given way to the a more regional nomenclature (North Group Comparative Chronological Table). Poul Otto Nielsen suggests the following time scale for Denmark:

· Early Neolithic (EN)

o EN I 3900 cal BC

o EN II 3500

· Middle Neolithic A (MN A)

o MN Ia 3300 cal BC

o MN Ib 3225

o MN II 3100

o MN III/IV 3000

o MN V 2900

· Middle Neolithic A 2800 cal BC

The North Group’s earliest dates (Table 1) come from eastern sites in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, N. Germany (South and North German Chronological Table). The sites include Rosenhof, Siggeneben, and Bistoft. Here elements of the Late Mesolithic Ertebølle, together with those of the Neolithic Michelsberg culture and TRB Baalberge subgroup are noticeable in the pottery, which dates some time between 4300/4200 – 4000 cal BC.[1] This transitional period is called the Rosenhof phase (Table 1).

Table 1: The earliest dates of the TRB North Group.

SITE	TYPE	LAB NO.	B.P.	±	68.2% confidence			95.4% confi-dence	Reference
Grube-Rosenhof, Layer C	Michelsberg-like Ösenbecher fragment	KN-I.500	5380	40	4340	4230	0.74	4350BC (0.67) 4220BC	Meurs-Balke & Weniger 1994 Tab. 5
					4200	4160	0.26	4200BC (0.26) 4160BC
								4120BC (0.07) 4040BC
Grube-Rosenhof, Layer C	Flat pottery bottom with grain impressions	KN-2135	5370	50	4340	4220	0.68	4350BC (0.82) 4140BC
					4120	4040	0.32	4120BC (0.18) 4040BC
Grube-Rosenhof, Layer C	Partially burned wood near Baalberge-like Amphora with four lugs	KN-2334	5340	55	4310	4280	0.09	4340BC (1.00) 4040BC
					4250	4140	0.52
					4120	4040	0.39
Baalberge-like Amphora in Grube-Rosenhof, Layer C	Pitch, repairing Baalberge-like Amphora with four lugs	Lab No.?	5000	60	3870	3940	22.0	3950BC (95.4%) 3660BC[2]	J. Müller 2001:86, Footnote 1
					3700	3810	46.2
Bistof	Sharpened hazel stick hammered into glacial boulder clay	KI-1285	5180	60	4220	4200	0.05	4230BC (0.07) 4190BC	Meurs-Balke & Weniger 1994 Tab. 12
					4140	4120	0.07	4160BC (0.78) 3910BC
					4050	3950	0.76	3880BC (0.15) 3810BC
					3850	3820	0.12

The oldest date from Bistoft has also been viewed as indicating that some of the EN I pottery of that site belongs to the Rosenhof phase. However, it may be argued that Rosenhof was a multi component site and the earliest dates reflect a Mesolithic occupation. This seems to be supported by dates from off-shore sites. A new date associated with thin-walled early TRB pottery from Wangels, Schleswit-Holstein falls between ca. 4200 – 4100 cal BC, while four others are close to 4000 cal. BC.[3] The two earliest dates from Parow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, fall close to 4000 cal. BC. Dates associated with Mesolithic artifacts at Wangels and Timmendorf-Nordmole end between 4200 – 4100 cal BC. This suggests that the Mesolithic - Neolithic transition occurs around 4200/4100 cal BC in the southern part of the TRB North Group and even later farther north. Furthermore, the Baalberge amphora from Layer C at Grube-Rosnehof (Table 1) was more directly dated through an assay of the prehistoric glue, resulting in a date after 3940 cal BC.

The TRB in the North Group ends with the MN B, that is the beginning of the northern variant of the Corded Ware/Single Grave culture, called the Single Grave culture.

West Group:

The earliest phase in the TRB West Group of Niedersachsen, NW Germany, is called Dümmer, after the largest lake in that region. Here the pottery from the site of Hüde I seems to be as old as the pottery in Schleswig-Holstein. The pottery develops from Bishheim pottery. A later EN C phase, called Fuchsberg/Hassel-Wolkenwehe, occurs from southern Denmark to at least the Lüneburg Heath in Germany and reaches into E. Germany. This phase starts perhaps at 3500/3400 cal BC.

In Netherland a four phase Hüde-Swifterband culture is proposed by ten Anscher.[4] The fourth phase dated ca. 3950 – 3400 cal BC begins to exhibit TRB traits. There is limited evidence for the following EN C phase (Pre-Horizon 1 pottery), followed by Drowen and Havelte. The subdivisions of Drowen and Havelte are now often referred as Brindley’s (Pottery) Horizons 1 through 7, lasting from about 3400 - 2850 cal BC (Bakker 1992).

The TRB ends around 2800 cal BC with the start of the Corded Ware/Single Grave culture in the west.

East Group:

The Polish dates and pottery styles vary by region. The styles include Sarnowo, Wiórek (Wiorek), Lubón (Lubon), Łupawa (Lupawa) and Ustowo.

In the East Group the old Sarnowo date is debated (Table 2). The three reported dates for the Pitkutkowo phase, with its Baalberge affinities, suggest a date of 3900-3700 cal BC (Midgley 1992:495). The Wiórek phase lasts from about 3800/3700 to about 3200 cal BC. Lubón ranges from ca. 3200-3000 cal BC. It must have been followed by the Globular Amphora culture, which ranges from just west of the Elbe River in Germany and Bohemia to the middle of the rivers that flow into the northwestern part of the Black Sea. In the North it ends at the southern Baltic shore and in the south it reaches into Moravia.

Table 2: The disputed Sarnowo date.

SITE

TYPE

LAB No.

B.P.

±

b.c.

±

RANGE b.c.

B.C.

±

68.2% confidence

95.4% confidence

Reference

Sarnowo

Charcoal of occupation below long-mound

GrN-5035

5570

60

3620

60

3680

3560

4410

60

4470

4350

1.00

4580BC (1.00) 4330BC

Midgley 1992:497 No.1

Southeast Group:

The Southeast Group in Poland starts about 4000 cal BC at Bronocice and ends there with the appearance of Baden-like pottery around 3100 cal BC. However, in the Carpathians of the Dukla pass area, it is thought to have been followed by the Globular Amphora culture in the east and the Corded Ware/Single Grave culture to the west and south (Machnik and Mac^vala 1998, Szmyt 1998).

South Group:

In southern Poland and the Czech Republic the TRB starts around is thought to start around 4000 cal BC with Baalberge. This is followed by Salzmünde and Older Tiefstichkeramik, Walternienburg , Younger Tiefstichkeramik, and Bernburg in Central Germany (Altmark and Central Elbe-Saale region) and Bohemia. Bernburg probably ends around 2800 cal. BC.

In Moravia the dates are even less clear, but the earliest phase also starts with Baalberge and Retz during TRB I and ends with TRB II Baden influenced Channel Ware perhaps around 3300/3200 cal BC. (South Group Chronological Table).

A new chronological model for the Central Germen Elbe-Saale Region has been proposed (Table 3).

Table 3. chronological mode for the Central Germen Elbe-Saale Region (Johannes Müller 1999:77)

cal BC
4100 – 3800	TRB-MES I	Formative TRB with funnel beakers and simple amphorae and Jordanow influences
3800 - 3500	TRB-MES II	Baalberge burial pottery and Hutberg settlement ceramics
3500 - 3350	TRB-MES III	Baalberge burial pottery, Salzmünde A and Düsedau
3350 - 3100	TRB-MES IV	Salzmünde A, Salzmünde B, Haldesleben, Walternienburg
3100 - 2750	TRB-MES V	Salzmünde C, Bernburg, Haldesleben, Fischbeck, Globular Amphora culture
2750 - 2450	Early Final Neolithic	Late Globular Amphora culture, Late Bernburg, Early Corded Ware

Pottery

The pottery styles vary chronologically and regionally. Initially, there is virtually no decoration on the pottery. When decoration appears, most is insisted, abstract and usually geometric. Towards the end of the TRB, especially in the North and West Group, decoration becomes again limited to absent.

North Group:

Rosenhof Phase: The early pottery comes from Rosenhof by Grube, eastern Schleswig-Holstein. Layer C, mostly separated from the lower Ertbølle above a sterile layer, contained a flat pottery bottom with grain impressions (3420±50 b.c./4340BC (0.68) 4220 BC), a Michelsberg-like beaker (Ösenbecher) fragment with four lugs - dated through partially burned wood to 3430±40 b.c./ 4340BC (0.74) 4230BC,[5] a rim sherd with incisions under the rim, and a Baalberge-like amphora (3390±55 b.c./4250BC (0.52) 4140BC.[6] The pottery forms consist of funnel-neck beakers, amphorae, small spherical bowls and oval, boat-shaped bowls called Ertebølle “lamps.” Decoration is relatively sparse, focusing on the rim. Significantly, it does not appear at the belly of the pots, a characteristic of later pottery. Some rims are crenated. An appliqué with impressions and various incisions and impressions appear occasionally.

East Group:

Some of the earliest pottery shows signs of Baalberge influence, as seen in the pottery from Pikutkowo.

West Group:

The pottery often uses the deeply incised "stab and drag" (German: Furchenstich) technique, filled with white paste.

South Group:

The earliest pottery is Baalberge, ranging from about 4000-3600/3500 cal. BC. This is followed by Channel Ware, indicating the ever increasing quantities of Baden-like pottery, which ultimately replaces the TRB altogether.

There appears to be an overlapping period between the end of the Moravian Painted Ware during the first stage of the TRB. The early coexistence of Jordanów in TRB settlements remains puzzling. The relationship to the stab and drag ornamented Retz-Bajc^v pottery is not entirely clear. However, there is a coexistence in Moravia. There are also some similarities between the TRB, Retz, and the Austrian Mondsee culture, but again, the relationship needs further scrutiny.

Southeast Group:

This subgroup is located primarily in Southeast Poland, but stretches into Ukraine and across the Carpathians into Slovakia. Influences of the late Lengyel interaction sphere are thought to appear in the earliest TRB pottery. It consists of relatively limited forms, including beakers, flasks, pots and amphorae, as exemplified at Kraów-Nova Huta (Site 49) and Turkovice, Volhynia. The ornamentation is simple and rare. Yet the pottery evolves into some of the most sophisticated in the TRB culture area. However, the styles vary from region to region.

For example, in the southwest of this group, the Kraców area's earliest pottery shows some Baalberge affinities.[7] During the "classic phase" the use of ram's head motives becomes popular, evolving into complicated handles. The funnel beakers first evolve pronounced, steep rims, only to return to a more typical TRB form. Collared flasks seem to appear shortly after 3700 cal BC. Baden-like pottery gradually overwhelm the TRB related styles, as in the South Group. The pottery sequence from the hilltop village of Bronocice (Wojewodztwo Swietokrzyskie), ca. 50 km northeast of Kraków is one of the best documented (Table 4).

Table 4: Bronocice Pottery phases (click to see illustrations) with estimated earliest likely date (see footnotes for details).

Click on the phase individual phase to see the pertinent pottery illustrations

PHASE[8]	cal. BC[9]	POTTERY STYLE
Bronocice I	4000[10]	TRB
Bronocice II	3600[11]	TRB
Bronocice III	3400[12]	TRB
Bronocice III		TRB
Bronocice IV	3300[13]	Baden-like
Bronocice V	2900[14] - 2800[15]	Baden-like

In the Lublin area collared flasks appear to be relatively early and funnel beakers with exaggerated rim and diminutive body recall forms of the Michelsberg culture far to the west.[16] Painted and cord ornamented pottery from the late Tripolie culture are known in the late stages of the TRB in the Southeast Group.

Enclosures and hilltop sites

One kind of monumental architecture enclosures, consisting of ditches and palisades. Often the ditches are crossed by earthen, bridge-like causeways. Enclosures are usually on hilltops or promontories. A number of these sites are rather large.

Enclosed sites were first known from the southerly regions of the culture area. However, the discovery of the multi-ditched enclosure, in Büdelsdorf on the Eider River near Rendsburg, North Germany, established their presence for the North Group in the 1970’s.

Perhaps the most thoroughly excavated enclosure is Sarup, on the Danish Island of Fyn. Sarup is located on a low promontory, that is 7 m above the small Hårby River. Sarup 1 was established around during the EN II (ca. 3500 – 3300 cal BC) as a double ditched, palisaded causewayed enclosure of ca. 10 ha. The excavation showed a complicated system of ditches, palisades, and entrances.

There may have been a hiatus at the site before the establishment of Sarup II, since MN Ia pottery of phase is absent. On the other hand, MN Ia is a short lived phase, so the style may simply have been skipped at Sarup.

Sarup II, a ca. 3 ha area enclosing the southern tip of the site was established during MN Ib (3225 – 3100 cal BC). The character of Sarup III, existing during the MN II (3100 – 3000), changed from an enclosed site to a large village. Sarup IV is reported as a smaller occupation. After this period (MN III/IV, i.e. ca. 3000 – 2900 cal BC) the site was largely abandoned.

Unfortunately, it is difficult establish a reasonably precise absolute chronology of the various occupation phases for Sarup II-IV. Five of the six C¹⁴ dates belong to Sarup I (EN II). The only other date is from Sarup IV, dating to the MN III/IV (ca. 3000 – 2900 cal BC). The dating problem is exacerbated by the fact that the actual error ranges were not published in 1997. [17]

There are a large number of enclosed sites in Central Germany and the Czech Republic

In Moravia, Czech Republic, there are numerous hilltop enclosures. These include the Jevis^vovice near Znojmo, close to the Austrian border; Hlinsko near Pr^verov, east of the Morava River; and Rmíz by Laškov, Olomouc County. Rmíz, like Sarup, is a multi-phase site that reached 17 ha in its early phase, when it had an outer palisade and a unique stone enclosure.

In Central Germany there is the huge site of Halle-Dölauer Heide. The site is located about 2 km west of the Saale River. The location is inside the large bend of the river, which forms a semicircle around the site. The causewayed enclosure layout is asymmetrical. It is fitted carefully to the terrain, which overlooks the Saale valley. At the less steep slopes of the terrain up to six successive ditches were dug. Gateways or causeways could be observed. The excavated portions of one gateway indicates that such structures were rather elaborate. Absolute dates yield a C14 SUM of 3900-3350 B.C. and the lowest date is most likely 3530-3320 B.C. The oldest palisade is associated with the newly defined Hutberg pottery, showing affinities to Altheim and Michelsberg V pottery (cf. Johannes Müller 2000: 39-42.)

Hutberg pottery is named after the Hutberg by Wallendorf (Luppe), Saxony-Thuringia, Germany. It is roughly 20 km SE of Halle-Dölauer Heide, near the opposite (east) side of the Saale. It is one of the rare enclosures with preserved house floors. Although originally attributed to the TRB’s Baalberge subgroup, it has also been suggested to be a Michelsberg enclosure. Perhaps this points to difficulties in differentiating Michelsberg and early Baalberge pottery. The Hutberg pottery is currently dated to the Central German TRB II (3800-3500 cal BC) and is understood as non-funerary ware, as opposed to Baalberge burial pottery.

Burials

Monumental architecture includes tumuli (round, conical mounds) and long-barrows (long-mounds). They cover various burial structures, ranging from graves and wooden chambers to stone cists (small chambers made from stone slabs). In the more northerly parts of the of the TRB, the use of large stones (megaliths) started to replace wooden chambers and possibly stone cists.

There is evidence that individual graves and burial chambers were often covered by a small earth mound. These round, conical mounds could take the form of a single, round to nearly square, conical mound (tumulus). However, groups of chambers in their low, individual mounds were frequently joined into long, rectangular to trapezoidal mounds, thus covering successive individual mounds.

The mounds were sometimes lined with wooden posts. The posts were eventually replaced by boulders and megaliths in Scandinavia, Germany, Netherland and parts of Poland. In Moravia drywall construction appears in place of megaliths. However, even in areas where megalithic burial mound enclosures are common, there is evidence that the space between the megaliths was filled with drywall. Similarly, the spaces between the megaliths of the chambers were ultimately skillfully filled with drywall construction.

Houses

Although long-houses were initially reported, it looks as though relatively short houses were in use first. There is an apparent increase in house size through time. Houses were mostly rectilinear, although round structures coexist. Some rectilinear houses appear to have round ends.

Tools

In Moravia, there is evidence of bone tools. However, in many areas of the North and West, bone does not survive. Chipped stone tools include blades and drills. A very fine drill was used to do dental work. In much of the TRB transverse, trapezoidal arrow heads are common. However, in the TRB South Group, more or less triangular arrowheads are known. In Denmark, Poland and the Czech Republic flint mines are known.

Ground stone tools include beautifully shaped “battle” axes, celts (axes without a shaft hole that were mounted in a wooden handle), highly symmetrical, circular mace heads, quartzite querns and round, as well as moon-shaped grind stones.

Economy

The economy varies by region. In some places of Sweden, fishing was the main activity and agriculture never took place. Seal hunting is also documented.

The early TRB in Denmark at first favored pigs over cattle. Although the cattle predominate in most areas, sheep/goat were also used. Rams were depicted on pottery and molded in clay, especially in some parts of Poland. For example, a ram figurine (33 cm high, 37 cm long) together with undecorated pottery were found at a site near Jordanów, Silesia, Poland. The figurine uses typical TRB cord impressions, normally found on pottery, to indicate the ram’s fleece. However, in spite of reports that the TRB used wool, it is likely that the few remnants of textiles from Germany and the Czech Republic were made from flax (linen). Spindle whorls, used to spin yarn exist primarily in the eastern and southern parts of the TRB. A few exist in southern Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, but none are known from Scandinavia and Netherland. In addition to (domesticated) flax, wheat and other cereals were grown. Round pottery plates, similar to those of the Michelsberg culture are evidence for baking bread. Wild fruits, such as Apple were also eaten.[18]

---

References and Credits

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1995 A Spatial Analysis of Megalithic Tombs. Vol. 1-2. Ph. D. Dissertation. Southern Methodist University.

1999 Neolithic/Copper Age Link Index: Links to News Bulletins, Articles, Site Reports, Databases, etc. about the Neolithic/Copper Age in Europe. (Periodically updated.)

Barber, E. J. W.

1991 Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Paperback edition 1992. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J.

Bieniek, Aldona and Maria Lityńska-Zająk

2001 New finds of Malus sylvestris Mill. (wild apple) from Neolithic sites in Poland. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 10. 2001:205-106.

Burchard, B., S. Jastrzębski and J. Kruk

1991 Some questions at Funnel Beaker Culture South-East Group - An outline. In: Die Trichterbecherkultur: Neue Forschungen und Hypothesen, II, Jankowska, Dabrochna (Ed.), Poznań, Poland, 1991:95-101.

Dimitrijevic', S. (Dimitrijević, S.)

1981 Zur Frage der Retz-Gajary-Kultur in Nordjugoslawien und ihre Stelleng im pannonischen Raum. Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 61. 1980:15-91.

Hänsel, Bernhard and Jan Machnik (Eds.)

1998 Das Karpatenbecken und die osteuropäische Steppe. Nomadenbewegungen und Kulturaustausch in den vorchristlichen Metallzeiten (4000-500 v.Chr.). Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa 12 – Südosteuropa-Schriften 20. Verlag Marie Leidorf. Rahden/Westf., Germany, 1998.

Hoika, Jürgen

1994 Zur Gliederung der frühneolithischen Trichterbecherkultur in Holstein. In J. Hoika and J. Meurers-Balke 1994:85-131.

Hoika, Jürgen und Jutta Meurers-Balke (Eds.)

1994 Beiträge zur frühneolithischen Trichterbecherkultur im westlichen Ostseegebiet, 1. Internationales Trichterbechersymposium in Schleswig vom 4. bis 7. März 1985. Untersuchungen und Materialien zur Steinzeit in Schleswig-Holstein aus dem Archäologischen Landesmuseum der Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Band 1. Wachholz, Neumünster.

Hvass, S. and B. Storgaard (Eds.)

1993 Digging into the Past: 25 Years of Archaeology in Denmark. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. Århus. [English translation of Hvass and Storgaard (Eds.) 1993b]

1993b Da klinger I Muld …25 års arkæologi i Danmark. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. Århus. [Danish version of Hvass and Storgaard (Eds.) 1993]

Jankowska, Dabrochna (Ed.)

1990-91 Die Trichterbecherkultur: Neue Forschungen und Hypothesen, I and II. Poznań, Poland, 1990

Kalis, Arie J.

1997 Bookreview: E. F. Gehasse: Ecologisch-archeologisch onderzoek van het Neolithicum en de Vroege Bronstijd in Noordoostpolder met de nadruk op vindplaats P14 gevolgd door een overzicht van de bewoningsgeschiedenis en de bestaanseconomie binnen de Holocene Delta. Archäologische Informationen 20/1, 1997:171-174.

Kruk, Janusz and Sarunas Milisauskas

1977 Radiocarbon-Datierung aus Bronocice und ihre Bedeutung für die Zeitbestimmung der Trichterbecher Kultur in Südost-Polen. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 7/4, 1976:249-236.

1981 Chronology of Funnel Beaker, Baden-like, and Lublin- Volynian Settlements at Bronocice, Poland. Germania 59/1, 1980:1-19.

1991 Neolithic upland settlement at Bronocice. In: Die Trichterbecherkultur: Neue Forschungen und Hypothesen, II, Jankowska, Dabrochna (Ed.), Poznań, Poland, 1991:173-180.

Kruk, J., S. Milisauskas, W. Alexandrowicz, Z. Śnieszko

1996 Osadnictwo i zmiany środowiska naturalego wyżyn lessowych: Studium archeologiczne i paleogeograficzne nad neolitem w dorzeczu Nidzicy. Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Poland.

Lübke, Harald

2000 Timmendorf-Nordmole und Jäckelberg-Nord. Erste Untersuchungsergebnisse zu submarinen Siedlungsplätzen der endmesolithischen Ertebølle-Kultur in der Wismar-Bucht, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Nachrichtenblatt Arbeitskreis Unterwasserarchäologie. 7, Janus-Verlag